Surgical sterilization

Surgical sterilization is a permanent medical procedure that prevents a person or animal from being able to reproduce. In humans, common methods include tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men, where the tubes that carry eggs or sperm are sealed or cut. In animals, procedures like spaying (removing ovaries and uterus) or neutering (removing testicles) are performed. These surgeries are typically safe, performed under anesthesia, and considered effective for long-term contraception. They are suitable for individuals or pet owners who are certain they do not want future biological children.