surfaces and interfaces

Surfaces and interfaces are boundaries where different materials or phases meet. A surface is the outer boundary of a solid object, like the skin of a fruit. An interface, however, exists where two different materials or phases—such as a metal and a liquid—touch or interact. These boundaries are important because they influence how materials behave—affecting properties like adhesion, friction, and chemical reactions. In essence, surfaces and interfaces are the regions where the properties of materials can change and interact, playing a vital role in many scientific and engineering processes.