surface wave theory

Surface wave theory describes how seismic waves travel along the Earth's surface during an earthquake. These waves, called surface waves, move slower than other seismic waves but tend to cause the most destruction because they generate large ground motions. They spread out in a rolling motion, similar to ripples on a pond, but on land. Their behavior depends on the type of ground and the depth of the earthquake source. Understanding surface wave theory helps scientists predict how earthquakes affect different areas and improve building designs to withstand these movements.