Surface Integrals

A surface integral is a mathematical way to calculate how a quantity, like heat, fluid, or electromagnetic field, flows across a surface. Imagine placing a net over a surface and measuring how much of something passes through it. Instead of just summing values along a line, a surface integral sums them over an entire 2D surface, considering both the magnitude and direction at each point. This tool helps scientists and engineers analyze complex interactions over curved or irregular surfaces, providing a precise measure of flux or total effect across that surface.