Supplementary cementitious materials

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are natural or industrial by-products added to concrete to enhance its performance and durability. Common SCMs include fly ash, slag, and silica fume, which react chemically with calcium hydroxide produced during cement hydration, forming additional cementitious compounds. This process improves workability, reduces heat from setting, increases strength over time, and enhances resistance to cracking and environmental damage. Using SCMs also promotes sustainability by reducing the amount of traditional cement needed, lowering carbon emissions, and utilizing waste materials, contributing to more environmentally friendly construction practices.