submarine navigation

Submarine navigation involves determining and maintaining a vessel's position underwater where GPS signals can't reach. Submarines use a combination of sensors like sonar to detect surroundings, inertial navigation systems to track movement, and sometimes celestial navigation or deployed buoys for additional reference points. These systems work together to estimate location, course, and depth, allowing the submarine to move safely and accurately beneath the surface. Precise navigation is crucial for operational safety, stealth, and mission success in the complex underwater environment.