Subak (Balinese irrigation system)

Subak is a traditional Balinese water management system that coordinates the irrigation of rice fields through a communal, temple-based organization. Rooted in local religious and cultural beliefs, it ensures equitable water distribution among farmers, fostering cooperation and sustainability. Participants follow shared schedules and rituals, maintaining harmony between agriculture and spirituality. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, Subak exemplifies sustainable indigenous governance that balances environmental, social, and spiritual needs, supporting the region’s rice production and cultural heritage.