Statistical significance testing

Statistical significance testing is a method used to determine whether an observed effect or difference in data is likely due to a real cause or just random chance. It involves calculating a probability, called a p-value, which shows how likely it is to see the results if there were no true effect. If this probability is very low (below a set threshold), we conclude that the effect is probably real and not just a fluke. This helps researchers decide whether their findings are meaningful or should be attributed to chance.