Standard electrode potentials

Standard electrode potentials measure a substance’s ability to gain or lose electrons when compared to a standard reference, usually hydrogen. Think of it as a "preference" for holding or donating electrons, which determines how easily a substance can be reduced (gain electrons) or oxidized (lose electrons). These values are measured under standard conditions (1 atm pressure, 25°C, and 1 M concentration). A higher (more positive) potential indicates a greater tendency to gain electrons and be reduced, while a lower (more negative) potential suggests a tendency to lose electrons. These values help predict how different substances will react in electrochemical cells.