Spin-statistics theorem

The Spin-Statistics Theorem is a fundamental concept in quantum physics that links a particle’s spin—its intrinsic angular momentum—to the type of statistical behavior it exhibits. Particles with half-integer spin (like electrons) are called fermions and follow the Pauli exclusion principle, meaning they can't occupy the same state simultaneously. Particles with integer spin (like photons) are called bosons and can share states freely. This relationship explains the structure of matter and forces, underpinning everything from atoms to the behavior of light, by connecting the intrinsic properties of particles to the rules governing their collective behavior.