Spectral Lines

Spectral lines are specific colors or wavelengths of light emitted or absorbed by atoms and molecules. When atoms are energized, their electrons jump to higher energy levels; as they return to lower levels, they release light at precise wavelengths—these create emission lines. Conversely, atoms can absorb light at specific wavelengths, producing absorption lines. Each element has a unique pattern of spectral lines, acting like a fingerprint. Analyzing these lines helps scientists identify the composition, temperature, and movements of stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects.