sound propagation in water

Sound propagation in water occurs when vibrations travel through the water molecules, creating waves that move energy from one point to another. Unlike in air, water molecules are more tightly packed, allowing sound to travel faster and farther with less energy loss. The speed of sound depends on factors like temperature, pressure, and salinity; warmer, less salty, and deeper waters tend to transmit sound more efficiently. These properties enable marine animals and sonar systems to use sound for communication, navigation, and detecting objects beneath the surface.