Solar modulations

Solar modulation refers to the influence of solar activity on cosmic rays—high-energy particles from space—reaching Earth. The Sun emits a solar wind, a stream of charged particles, and displays varying magnetic activity that can alter the paths and intensities of cosmic rays. During periods of intense solar activity, the solar wind and magnetic fields become more turbulent, creating a barrier that reduces the number and energy of cosmic rays reaching Earth. Conversely, during solar minimums, fewer solar disturbances allow more cosmic rays to penetrate our atmosphere. This dynamic process affects space weather and the radiation environment near Earth.