social force model

The social force model explains how people move in groups, like crowds, by imagining that they are influenced by invisible "forces." These forces include their desire to reach a destination, avoid collisions with others or obstacles, and stay comfortable in their personal space. Think of these influences as if people are pulled or pushed by different factors—some attract them forward, others push them away from crowded areas. This model helps predict crowd behavior and movement patterns, useful for designing public spaces or managing events to ensure safety and smooth flow.