Sobel test

The Sobel test is a statistical method used to determine if a mediation effect exists—that is, whether a third variable explains the relationship between two other variables. In simpler terms, it checks if the effect of an initial factor on an outcome is transmitted through a middle factor. For example, it can test if a training program (first variable) improves performance (outcome) because it increases confidence (mediator). The Sobel test calculates whether this indirect pathway is statistically significant, helping researchers understand the mechanism behind observed relationships.