Smithing techniques

Smithing involves shaping and refining metals through techniques like heating, hammering, and cooling. A smith heats metal in a forge until it becomes malleable, then forges it with a hammer to shape it or remove impurities. Quenching—cooling the metal quickly in water or oil—can improve its strength. Annealing involves reheating and slowly cooling to restore ductility. These methods allow skilled smiths to craft tools, weapons, and art with precision. The process requires understanding metal properties, controlled heating, and consistent technique to produce durable, well-formed objects.