signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs)

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are proteins that play a key role in transmitting signals from outside the cell to the inside nucleus. When specific molecules, like cytokines or growth factors, bind to cell surface receptors, STATs are activated through a process called phosphorylation. Once activated, they move into the cell nucleus, where they turn on or off genes that control cell growth, immune responses, and other functions. In essence, STATs serve as messengers that help cells respond appropriately to external signals, maintaining proper cellular functions and communication.