Siege warfare techniques

Siege warfare involves surrounding and isolating a fortified enemy to weaken or force surrender. Techniques include building walls or ladders to scale defenses, digging tunnels to break the walls from below, and using battering rams to break gates. Attacks might be supported by siege engines like catapults or ballistas for missile fire, and siege towers to climb over walls. Often, sieges also involve cutting off supplies and communication, causing the defenders to surrender due to starvation or exhaustion. The goal is to weaken the fortress strategically and mentally until it can be captured with minimal direct assault.