shell closures

Shell closures refer to specific numbers of protons or neutrons in an atom’s nucleus where the arrangement is particularly stable. These "magic numbers" create complete energy levels or shells within the nucleus, similar to how electron shells work in atoms. When a shell is full, the nucleus is less likely to react or decay, making it more stable. These closures are important in understanding nuclear properties and reactions, as they influence the stability and occurrence of certain isotopes. Recognizing shell closures helps scientists predict how nuclei behave and how elements form in processes like nuclear fusion and radioactive decay.