Shang civilization

The Shang civilization, flourishing around 1600-1046 BCE in ancient China, is considered one of the world's earliest advanced societies. It was characterized by sophisticated bronze craftsmanship, complex social hierarchy, and early writing systems known as oracle bone script used for divination. The Shang built impressive cities, developed intricate tombs for their kings, and practiced ancestor worship. Their society was organized around aristocratic rulers and skilled artisans, with a strong emphasis on religion and ritual. The Shang laid foundational cultural and technological developments that influenced later Chinese history.