Sensors and transducers

Sensors and transducers are devices that detect physical signals or changes—such as temperature, pressure, or light—and convert them into electrical signals for measurement or control. A sensor directly detects the specific physical quantity, while a transducer may be a device that transforms one form of energy into another, often incorporating a sensor to produce an easily measurable output. For example, a thermometer (sensor) detects temperature, and a microphone (transducer) converts sound waves into electrical signals. Together, they enable machines and systems to monitor and respond to their environment effectively.