Secondary metabolism

Secondary metabolism refers to the production of compounds by plants, fungi, and microorganisms that are not directly involved in their growth or energy production. These substances often serve roles like protecting the organism from pests, diseases, or environmental stress, and can attract pollinators or competitors. Examples include medicines, flavors, and pigments such as caffeine, penicillin, and anthocyanins. Unlike primary metabolism, which is essential for survival, secondary metabolites are specialized chemicals that provide advantages in the organism’s natural environment.