Schottky effect

The Schottky effect describes how an electric field lowers the energy barrier that prevents electrons from escaping a metal or semiconductor surface. In simple terms, when a strong electric field is applied, it reduces the work needed for electrons to leave the material. This phenomenon increases electron emission, especially relevant in devices like electron emitters or vacuum tubes. The effect occurs because the field effectively pulls the electrons closer to escaping, so less thermal energy is needed for them to overcome the barrier, enhancing electron flow under certain conditions.