Scale Formation Theories

Scale formation theories explain how mineral deposits, like calcium or lime, build up inside pipes and equipment. When water contains dissolved minerals and changes in temperature or pH, these minerals become less soluble and start to crystallize. The process is influenced by factors like water chemistry, flow rate, and surface material. Some theories suggest that crystals form on surfaces first and then grow, while others propose that minerals gradually accumulate in the water until they settle out. Understanding these mechanisms helps in designing ways to prevent or control scale buildup in plumbing and industrial systems.