S5, S6, O1, O2, O3 Observing Runs

The S5, S6, O1, O2, and O3 observing runs refer to specific periods during which scientists used gravitational-wave detectors, like LIGO and Virgo, to observe ripples in spacetime caused by cosmic events such as merging black holes or neutron stars. Each run represents a dedicated phase of data collection with improved instrument sensitivity, allowing for better chances of detecting these phenomena. For example, O1, O2, and O3 are successive observing runs, each building on previous experiences to deepen our understanding of the universe through gravitational-wave astronomy.