S-boxes

An S-box, or substitution box, is a fundamental component in many encryption algorithms that transforms input data into a different output to enhance security. Think of it as a specialized lookup table that replaces each small piece of data with another according to a predefined pattern. This substitution adds complexity, making it harder for unauthorized parties to reverse-engineer the original message. By applying multiple S-boxes in a cipher, it ensures data is thoroughly mixed and protected from decryption without the proper key, serving as a key layer in creating secure digital communications.