Russell & Burch (authors of the 3Rs principle)

Russell and Burch were scientists who introduced the 3Rs principle—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—to improve the ethical use of animals in research. Replacement encourages finding alternatives to animal testing, such as cell cultures or computer models. Reduction focuses on using the fewest animals necessary to obtain reliable results. Refinement involves adapting procedures to minimize pain and distress. Their work promotes more humane and responsible scientific practices by balancing scientific progress with animal welfare, fostering methods that are both ethical and effective in advancing knowledge.