Rubin's Causal Model

Rubin's Causal Model is a framework for understanding how different factors influence outcomes. It considers that every individual has potential results from different actions or treatments—like choosing to take a medication or not. However, we can only observe one outcome—the one that actually happened—so we can’t see what would have happened if a different choice was made. The model helps researchers estimate the true effect of an action by comparing observed results to what would likely have occurred under alternative scenarios, typically through careful study designs like randomized experiments.