Replacement, Reduction, Refinement (3Rs)

The 3Rs—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—are principles guiding ethical animal research. Replacement encourages using alternative methods (like computer models or cell cultures) instead of animals whenever possible. Reduction aims to use the fewest animals necessary to achieve valid results, minimizing their number. Refinement involves modifying procedures to lessen pain, suffering, or stress for animals involved. Together, these principles promote more humane research practices by prioritizing animal welfare while still advancing scientific knowledge responsibly.