R (with packages like sf)

R is a programming language used for data analysis and visualization. With packages like sf (simple features), R can handle geographic data—maps, coordinates, and spatial information—allowing users to analyze and visualize geographic patterns. Think of sf as a toolkit that helps R read, process, and display spatial data like cities, roads, or natural features on maps. It's widely used in environmental science, urban planning, and geography for making informed decisions based on spatial information. Essentially, R with sf enables efficient, accurate handling of geographic data to better understand and communicate spatial phenomena.