R-factor

The R-factor, or resistance factor, is a safety margin used in engineering to account for uncertainties in material strength, loads, or conditions. It ensures structures are designed to withstand unexpected stresses by reducing the maximum expected capacity. For example, if a material's tested strength is 100 units but an R-factor of 0.9 is applied, the design will assume a capacity of 90 units. This practice enhances safety for unpredictable variations and prevents failure, making sure structures remain safe under a range of real-world conditions.