R-2R Ladder DAC

An R-2R Ladder DAC is a circuit that converts digital signals into analog voltage outputs. It uses a network of resistors with only two values, R and 2R, arranged in a ladder-like structure. Each digital bit (0 or 1) controls a switch that connects to a reference voltage or ground, causing the circuit to produce an analog voltage proportional to the binary input. This design allows precise and efficient conversion, making it common in digital-to-analog conversion applications where accurate, smooth voltage output is needed from digital data.