R-2R Ladder

An R-2R ladder is a type of digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that transforms a digital signal into an analog voltage. It uses a network of resistors arranged in a repeating pattern of two resistor values: R and 2R. By selectively switching the connections based on digital input bits, the ladder divides and combines voltages precisely, producing a smooth, accurate analog output. This design is efficient, cost-effective, and widely used in electronic systems requiring precise digital-to-analog conversion.