Quantum Confinement

Quantum confinement occurs when the size of a material, such as a semiconductor particle, is reduced to a scale comparable to the wavelength of electrons, typically a few nanometers. At this scale, electrons are confined in limited spaces, which alters their energy levels and leads to discrete energy states rather than continuous bands. This confinement changes the material's electrical and optical properties, making it possible to tune its behavior—such as increasing its ability to emit light or change color. Quantum confinement is fundamental in developing advanced technologies like quantum dots, LEDs, and solar cells.