quality factor (Q factor)

The quality factor, or Q factor, measures how efficiently a system or device resonates or oscillates. It indicates how long energy stays stored versus how quickly it is lost. A high Q means the system vibrates for a longer time with minimal energy loss, resulting in sharp, precise resonance—like a finely tuned musical instrument. A low Q dissipates energy quickly, leading to broader or less distinct resonance. In real-world terms, Q factor affects the clarity and stability of signals in electronics, the sharpness of musical notes, and the efficiency of mechanical systems.