Putnam's integral

Putnam's integral is a mathematical tool used to evaluate how a function behaves over a specific interval, especially when the function has singularities (points where it becomes infinite or undefined). It involves integrating the function while carefully managing these problematic points to obtain a finite, meaningful result. Essentially, it extends the idea of standard integration to functions that might otherwise be difficult or impossible to integrate directly, allowing mathematicians to analyze the behavior of complex systems or functions with irregularities in a precise way.