Public Law 280 states

Public Law 280 is a federal law enacted in 1953 that grants certain states—primarily California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Nevada, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and some tribes—criminal and limited civil jurisdiction over Native American reservations within their borders. This means these states can enforce state laws on reservations, including criminal prosecutions, without needing tribal consent. The law aimed to improve law enforcement but has also led to complexities in jurisdiction, affecting sovereignty and legal processes on reservations. It does not grant full civil jurisdiction but mainly addresses criminal law.