Protoplasm

Protoplasm is the essential living content of a cell, consisting of the cytoplasm and nucleus. It is a complex, gel-like substance made up of water, salts, organic molecules, and proteins. Protoplasm is where vital activities like nutrient transport, energy production, and waste removal occur, supporting the cell’s growth, movement, and reproduction. It forms the functioning foundation of all living cells, maintaining their structure and enabling life processes to happen efficiently. Essentially, it is the dynamic internal environment that sustains the cell's life functions.