proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller)

A PID controller is a system used to automatically control processes, like temperature or speed, by constantly adjusting its actions. It works through three parts: the Proportional part responds to the current error (difference between desired and actual value), the Integral part considers past errors to eliminate steady discrepancies, and the Derivative part predicts future trends to prevent overshoot. Together, these components work smoothly to keep a system stable, accurate, and responsive to changing conditions, making adjustments as needed to achieve and maintain the target setpoint efficiently.