Probst and White

Probst and White developed a framework to understand how organizations learn and adapt, emphasizing the role of boundaries in knowledge management. They distinguish between "boundary spanning" activities that connect different parts of an organization or external environments, facilitating knowledge flow, and "boundary objects," which are tools or concepts that help different groups work together despite differences. Their work highlights the importance of managing these boundaries to foster innovation, improve communication, and enable effective learning within complex organizations. Essentially, their framework provides insight into how organizations can better share information and adapt in dynamic environments.