Principle of Lithification

Lithification is the natural process that transforms loose sediments into solid rock. It involves two main steps: compaction, where accumulated sediments are pressed tightly together under the weight of overlying layers, squeezing out water and air; and cementation, where minerals dissolved in water fill the gaps between particles, binding them into a firm, cohesive rock. This process occurs over long periods and is how many sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone and shale, form. Essentially, lithification turns loose particles like sand, silt, or clay into durable, solid rock through pressure and mineral cementing.