Prandtl's Lifting Line Theory

Prandtl’s Lifting Line Theory explains how wings generate lift by modeling the wing as a line with varying circulation (airflow strength) along its span. It accounts for the fact that wingtip vortices reduce lift efficiency near the tips, causing wingtip effects like induced drag. The theory uses mathematical equations to predict the lift distribution across the wingspan, helping engineers design more efficient wings by optimizing shape and angle. Essentially, it provides a scientific way to understand and improve how wings produce lift and minimize drag.