post-normal science

Post-normal science is an approach used when facts are uncertain, stakes are high, and it’s difficult to reach clear conclusions. In such situations—like climate change or environmental policy—traditional scientific methods aren’t enough. Instead, post-normal science involves inclusive dialogue, integrating diverse perspectives, values, and uncertainties to better inform decision-making. It recognizes that complex issues cannot be fully understood through evidence alone and highlights the importance of ethical considerations and stakeholder participation. This approach aims to provide more robust, responsible guidance when facing complex, high-impact problems with incomplete or conflicting information.