Pope Callixtus II

Pope Callixtus II, born Guy of Burgundy, was pope from 1119 to 1124. He is known for resolving the Investiture Controversy, a major conflict between church and state over appointing bishops and church officials. His most significant achievement was the Concordat of Worms in 1122, which established that the church, not secular rulers, would select bishops, while the emperor could invest them with symbolic authority. Callixtus II sought to strengthen the authority of the church, promote peace, and support reforms within Christianity. His papacy helped restore stability and clarified the relationship between the church and secular powers in medieval Europe.