PMNS matrix

The PMNS matrix, named after scientists Pontecorvo, Maki, Nakagawa, and Sakata, describes how neutrinos—a type of tiny, nearly massless particle—change from one type (or "flavor") to another as they travel. Think of it as a mathematical map that relates the "neutrino flavors" we detect (like electron, muon, or tau neutrinos) to their underlying quantum states. This mixing explains phenomena like neutrino oscillations, where neutrinos switch identities, revealing important insights into fundamental physics. Essentially, the PMNS matrix helps us understand the mysterious behavior of neutrinos in the universe.