plasmid DNA vaccines

Plasmid DNA vaccines use small, circular pieces of DNA called plasmids, which contain instructions for making a pathogen’s protein. When injected, the plasmid enters our cells and prompts them to produce this protein. The immune system then recognizes the protein as foreign and mounts a response, creating immunity. This type of vaccine is safe, stable, and easy to manufacture, and doesn't contain live pathogens. It trained the immune system without causing disease, providing protection against the actual virus or bacteria when exposed later.