PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller

A PID controller is a system used to automatically maintain an optimal level or condition, like keeping a room at a steady temperature. It works by continuously measuring the current state, comparing it to the desired target, and calculating how to change things to reduce the difference. The "Proportional" part responds to the current error, the "Integral" accounts for past errors to eliminate lingering differences, and the "Derivative" predicts future errors to prevent overshooting. Combined, these adjustments ensure precise, stable control, quickly correcting deviations and maintaining consistent conditions.