Physics of solids

The physics of solids studies how atoms and molecules are arranged in a fixed, closely packed structure, giving solids their definite shape and volume. These atoms vibrate and interact, which affects properties like strength, elasticity, and conductivity. When energy is applied, atoms can move or slide past each other, causing deformation or phase changes. Understanding these interactions helps explain why solids behave the way they do—whether they’re brittle, flexible, or conductive—bridging microscopic atomic behavior with macroscopic material properties.