phylogenetic networks

Phylogenetic networks are visual tools that show the evolutionary relationships among species or genes, accounting for complex histories such as interbreeding, hybridization, or gene transfer. Unlike traditional family trees that depict a straightforward line of descent, networks can include multiple connections and overlapping lines, representing events where different lineages merge or exchange genetic material. They provide a more accurate picture of evolutionary processes, especially in cases where simple branching trees are inadequate, helping scientists understand the intricate paths life has taken over time.