philosophical pessimism (theory)

Philosophical pessimism is the view that life, on the whole, involves more suffering and pain than happiness or satisfaction. It suggests that human existence is marked by inevitable struggles, limitations, and disappointment. Thinkers like Schopenhauer argue that desire and craving drive suffering, and true lasting happiness is unlikely. While not denying moments of joy, pessimists believe that life's difficulties outweigh its pleasures, leading to a generally negative outlook on the human condition. This perspective encourages reflection on life's hardships and questions the pursuit of lasting fulfillment.